The Greatest Medieval Masoretic Pentateuch: The Lailashi Codex—the Crown of Georgian Jewry

28 May, 2024

We are deeply honoured to welcome a Panel of Distinguished Scholars to present the Greatest Medieval Masoretic Pentateuch—The Lailashi Codex: The Crown of Georgian Jewry.

The Lailashi Codex is the greatest nearly complete Masoretic Pentateuch. This ancient witness to a scribal tradition known as vavei ha‘amudim (arranging the biblical text so that each leaf of the manuscript begins with the letter vav except for the six cases defined by a scribal school) is lavishly adorned with exquisite micrographic designs and calligrams. 
For the first time, the codex emerged into the Western world awareness out of Dr Thea Gomelauri’s book The Lailashi Codex: The Crown of Georgian Jewry published in October 2023. The provenance of the Lailashi Codex and its trajectory is as mysterious as its authorship and ownership. According to the legend, it was brought to Lailashi (Georgia), a remote village at the footstool of the Caucasian mountains, on an angel’s wings. The villagers saw a floating book in a river and rescued it from the stream. This unique artefact was said to have miracle-working powers. It became the best-kept secret of Georgian Jewry.

Map marks significant locations related to the history of the Lailashi Codex, ©Thea Gomelauri

Micrographic designs in the Lailashi Codex, Collage ©Thea Gomelauri

Here are more details of this fascinating event.

Author Dr Thea Gomelauri and three distinguished scholars of Semitic Languages, Illuminated Jewish Art, and Hebrew Manuscripts, will discuss the fascinating history and content of the Lailashi Codex, and its significance to Biblical scholarship and Jewish Studies.

Panel Members:

Dr Thea Gomelauri, Author of the Lailashi Codex, is an Associate Member of the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Oxford, and Inaugural Director of the Oxford Interfaith Forum.

Professor Geoffrey Khan FBA is a Regius Professor of Hebrew at Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Cambridge, UK. His research publications focus on three main fields: Biblical Hebrew language (especially medieval traditions), NeoAramaic dialectology, and medieval Arabic documents. He is the general editor of The Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics and is the senior editor of Journal of Semitic Studies. His most recent books are Language Contact in Sanandaj: A Study of the Impact of Iranian on Neo-Aramaic (De Gruyter Mouton, 2024), and the two-volume The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew (University of Cambridge and Open Book Publishers, 2020). Hi new book Arabic Documents from Medieval Nubia is forthcoming with Cambridge University and Open Book Publishers.

Professor Ori Soltes is a Professor of Jewish Civilization at Georgetown University, USA. He teaches across a range of disciplines, from art history and theology to philosophy and political history. He is the former Director of the B’nai B’rith Klutznick National Jewish Museum, and has curated more than 90 exhibitions across the country and overseas. He has authored or edited 25 books and several hundred articles and essays. Recent volumes include Our Sacred Signs: How Jewish, Christian and Muslim Art Draw from the Same Source; Mysticism in Judaism, Christianity and Islam: Searching for Oneness, Tradition and Transformation: Three Millennia of Jewish Art & Architecture and Growing Up Jewish in India: Synagogues, Ceremonies, and Customs from the Bene Israel to the art of Siona Benjamin. More information about Professor Soltes’ work is available on his website.

Ilana Tahan OBE is a Lead Curator of Hebrew and Christian Orient Studies at the British Library, UK. She has been educated at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel, and at the Aston University where she was awarded a Master of Philosophy degree.  Ilana joined the British Library as a Hebraica Curator in 1989. In 2002 she became Head of the Hebrew Section in charge of one of the finest Hebraic collections in the UK, comprising some 3,000 Hebrew manuscripts, c. 7,000 Genizah fragments and over 70,000 printed books. In addition to being responsible for the significant British Library’s Hebraic collections, she also manages the Library’s Christian Orient collections which include the Armenian, Coptic, Ethiopian, Georgian and Syriac holdings. In 2009, Ilana was awarded the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to scholarship. Between 2013 and 2020, Ilana acted as Lead of the Hebrew Manuscripts Digitisation Project, a large-scale challenging initiative aimed at making accessible online the entire Hebrew manuscript collection held in the British Library.

Moderated by Dr Ben Outhwaite FRAS FSA, Director of the Taylor-Schechter Genizah Research Unit, University of Cambridge, UK.

Date: 28 May, 2024

Time: 18:00-19:00 BST | 19:00-20:00 CEST | 10:00-11:00 PDT | 13:00-14:00 EDT

Venue: Online


PRAISE FOR The Lailashi Codex:
The Crown of Georgian Jewry

“This book tells the fascinating story of the Lailashi Codex, the priceless medieval Hebrew Masoretic Pentateuch, from its earliest known history as the prized possession of the Jews of Lailashi (Georgia) to its present place in the National Manuscript Centre of Tbilisi, after miraculously surviving the vagaries of Soviet appropriation. Dr Thea Gomelauri’s meticulous description of the manuscript gives a wealth of information on the codicology of the codex and its scribal peculiarities, including the palaeographical signs used to differentiate between the weekly readings of the Torah.”
 — Professor Anna Sapir Abulafia, FBA, Professor Emerita of the Study of the Abrahamic Religions, Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford


“Dr Gomelauri restores the ‘biography’ of the Lailashi Codex based on the documentary evidence since its earliest reference to the present day. She presents previously unknown materials about the codex’s vicissitudes during the Soviet period, including its confiscation by the communists in 1939, and the transfer to the Jewish Historic-Ethnographic Museum in Tbilisi. This pioneering study of Dr Gomelauri contributes to several disciplines, including the Transmission of the Hebrew Bible, Jewish Scribal Practices, Textual Criticism, Masoretic Studies, Manuscript Studies, History and Culture of Georgian Jewry, Jewish Illuminated Art, etc. This book open a venue for further interdisciplinary research. Dr Gomelauri abstains from making ultimate judgments about the provenance of the Lailashi Codex until the conclusion of a full-scale research.”
 — Professor Golda Akhiezer, Jewish Heritage Department, Ariel University, Israel (read the full review here)


“One hundred and fifty years after the first news on the manuscript, Dr Thea Gomelauri’s Lailashi Codex presents the first and long-awaited study of one of the most ancient Hebrew Pentateuch, together with the Sassoon and Leningrad Codices. The Lailashi Codex is an invaluable treasure both as a textual witness of the Masoretic Tradition of the Hebrew Bible, and as an artefact for its breathtaking micrography. Nevertheless, it had been completely overlooked by scholars due to the difficulties in reaching the text in Georgia, and because of the lack of any study or edition. Dr Gomelauri’s work fills that void. In addition, and for the first time, the very significant missing leaves of the manuscript, hosted in Israel, are reintegrated into its original milieu. Waiting for a digital or commercial facsimile edition, Dr Thea Gomelauri’s book will become an indispensable tool for the study of the Hebrew Bible.”
 — Reverend Professor Ignacio Carbajosa, Professor of Old Testament, San Dámaso Ecclesiastical University, Madrid, Spain


The Lailashi Codex is a great cultural treasure, and Dr Gomelauri’s book rectifies the history of its neglect. I learned something new on practically every page. A real ‘highlight’ was learning how biblical manuscripts were, in the eyes of the Communists, ‘sources of deceit and fleecing of the working class.’ The story of recovering Shota Rustaveli’s Jerusalem fresco, and the role the Lailashi codex played in it, is terrific. Dr Gomelauri would make a fine investigative journalist.”
Professor Alan Cooper, Elaine Ravich Professor of Jewish Studies, Chancellor Emeritus of Jewish Theological Seminary, NY, USA


“‘This is an eye-opening work. The Masoretic Text, the text curated by the Masoretes for more or less a millennium, is the starting point for any study of the Hebrew Scriptures, and the Dead Sea Scrolls have confirmed that their text is a precious testimony to the care with which they copied the Scriptures over the centuries. The emergence into Western European awareness of such a careful copy of this text that looks as if it might be as old as the tenth or eleventh century and thus be at least as old as our standard versions is therefore an exciting moment. And the tale about it that Dr Thea Gomelauri tells is a fascinating one.”
Reverend Professor John Goldingay, DD, Senior Professor of Old Testament and David Allan Hurbbard Professor Emeritus of Old Testament, Fuller Theological Seminary, CA, USA


“This book introduces readers to one of the most important and understudied masoretic Torah manuscripts as well as to the Georgian Jewish community who preserved and treasured this sacred text for centuries and from whom the Soviet communists expropriated it. While scholars who specialize in the textual history of the Bible will benefit greatly from Dr Thea Gomelauri’s detailed analyses of the manuscript and its unusual features, anyone interested in Biblical Studies or in the broader sweep of Jewish history will learn much from the stories and history surrounding the Lailashi Codex and its rediscovery.”
Professor Joel Kaminsky, Morningstar Professor of Jewish Studies and Professor of Biblical Literature, Smith College, USA


“The two parts of the book are each fascinating in different ways. The cultural history told in Part 1 opens up an entire area of Jewish history – the intellectual history of Lailashi and the surrounding Georgian regions – that is underappreciated and deserves more study. The codex studied by Dr Thea Gomelauri makes it clear that this was no backwater, though: it is a beautiful manuscript written to exacting standards. Part 2 is a meticulous analysis of the text itself, which documents numerous interesting features and adds data to many topics of inquiry into the traditions and history of the manuscript. The book includes three leaves housed in the National Library of Israel and identified recently by Joseph Ginsberg who is given the space to tell the story of the discovery from his own perspective and add a chapter of analytical work, as well. Kudos to Dr Gomelauri on such excellent work!”
Professor Aaron Koller, Professor of Near Eastern Studies, Yeshiva University, NY, USA


“If this handsome ink-overrun parchment offering the text of God’s words to Moses is believed in the Georgian Jewish tradition to have effected miracles from time to time in its hidden mountain-village settings, there is something almost miraculous both about the discovery of its missing leaves and about this inspiring new presentation of it to the worlds of scholars and devotees who can admire and re-explore it for many generations to come.”
Professor Ori Z. Soltes, Professor of the Teaching of Jewish Civilization, Center for Jewish Civilization, Georgetown University, USA


“It is truly a remarkable Hebrew Bible codex, not only for its intrinsic value as a Bible but also for its life story and career as a book. The total story is fascinating and riveting.”
Professor David Stern, Harry Starr Professor of Classical and Modern Hebrew and Jewish Literature, Professor of Comparative Literature at the Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Department, Harvard University, USA


Front Cover of the Book (Hardcover)

Back Cover of the Book (Hardcover)

The book is available for order in all major bookshops, including Blackwell’s, Waterstones, and Amazon.




Oops . . . Dear Prime Minister . . . It. Is. Upside. Down 🙂

Director of the NCM introduces the Lailashi Codex (upside-down!) to the Prime Minister of Georgia

Photo courtesy of https://kvira.ge. 15 August, 2014.



Library of Congress Catalogue record: https://lccn.loc.gov/2023518057


The University of Oxford Bodleian Library catalogue record: https://tinyurl.com/mrxd88c2


BOOK REVIEW by Professor Golda Akhiezer, Department of Jewish History, Ariel University, Israel.


Independent Georgian Jewish Magazine Menora, No. 3 (509). March (Adar II). 2024 (5784).


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